Preface xiii
1 Enthalpies of Carbon Dioxide-Methane and Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen Mixtures: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 1
Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Enthalpy 2
1.3 Literature Review 2
1.3.1 Carbon Dioxide-Methane 4
1.3.2 Carbon Dioxide-Nitrogen 4
1.4 Calculations 5
1.4.1 Benedict-Webb-Rubin 6
1.4.2 Lee-Kesler 12
1.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 17
1.4.4 Peng-Robinson 23
1.4.5 AQUAlibrium 28
1.5 Discussion 33
1.6 Conclusion 36
References 37
2 Enthalpies of Hydrogen Sulfide-Methane Mixture: Comparison with Thermodynamic Models 39
Erin L. Roberts and John J. Carroll
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Enthalpy 40
2.3 Literature Review 40
2.4 Calculations 41
2.4.1 Lee-Kesler 41
2.4.2 Benedict-Webb-Rubin 43
2.4.3 Soave-Redlich-Kwong 43
2.4.4 Redlich-Kwong 47
2.4.5 Peng-Robinson 47
2.4.6 AQUAlibrium 50
2.5 Discussion 50
2.6 Conclusion 52
References 54
3 Phase Behavior and Reaction Thermodynamics Involving Dense-Phase CO2 Impurities 55
J.A. Commodore, C.E. Deering and R.A. Marriott
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Experimental 57
3.3 Results and Discussion 58
3.3.1 Phase Behavior Studies of SO2 Dissolved in Dense CO2 Fluid 58
3.3.2 The Densimetric Properties of CS2 and CO2 Mixtures 60
References 61
4 Sulfur Recovery in High Density CO2 Fluid 63
S. Lee and R.A. Marriott
4.1 Introduction 64
4.2 Literature Review 64
4.3 Methodology 65
4.4 Results and Discussion 66
4.5 Conclusion and Future Directions 67
References 68
5 Carbon Capture Performance of Seven Novel Immidazolium and Pyridinium Based Ionic Liquids 71
Mohamed Zoubeik, Mohanned Mohamedali and Amr Henni
5.1 Introduction 71
5.2 Experimental Work 73
5.2.1 Materials 73
5.2.2 Density Measurement 73
5.2.3 Solubility Measurement 73
5.3 Modeling 76
5.3.1 Calculation of Henry’s Law Constants 76
5.3.2 Critical Properties Calculations 76
5.3.3 Peng Robinson EoS 76
5.4 Results and Discussion 77
5.4.1 Density 77
5.4.2 Critical Properties 77
5.4.3 CO2 Solubility 78
5.4.4 The Effect of Changing the Cation 81
5.4.5 The Effect of Changing the Anion 84
5.4.6 Henry’s Law Constant, Enthalpy and Entropy Calculations 85
5.4.7 Thermodynamic Modeling of CO2 Solubility 86
5.5 Conclusion 87
Acknowledgements 88
References 88
6 Vitrisol a 100% Selective Process for H2S Removal in the Presence of CO2 91
W.N. Wermink, N. Ramachandran, and G.F. Versteeg
6.1 Introduction 92
6.2 Case Definition 94
6.3 “Amine-Treated” Cases by PPS 95
6.3.1 Introduction to PPS 95
6.3.2 Process Description 96
6.3.3 PFD 97
6.3.4 Results 97
6.3.4.1 Case 1 97
6.3.4.2 Case 2 97
6.4 VitrisolƒòƒnProcess Extended with Regeneration of Active Component 99
6.4.1 Technology Description 99
6.4.2 Parameters Determining the Process Boundary Conditions 99
6.4.3 Absorption Section 101
6.4.4 Regeneration Section 102
6.4.5 Sulphur Recovery Section 104
6.4.6 CO2-Absorber 105
6.4.7 PFD 105
6.5 Results 105
6.6 Discussion 110
6.6.1 Comparison of Amine Treating Solutions to Vitrisolƒòƒn110
6.6.2 Enhanced H2S Removal of Barnett Shale Gas (case 2) 112viii Contents
6.7 Conclusions 113
6.8 Notation 115
References 115
Appendix 6-A: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Amine Process 117
Appendix 6-B H&M Balance of Case 2a (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process with Stripper Promoter 119
Appendix 6-C H&M Balance of Case 3 (Barnett shale) of the Amine Process (MEA) 121
Appendix 6-D: H&M Balance of Case 1 (British Columbia shale) of the Vitrisolƒnprocess 123
Appendix 6-E H&M Balance of Case 2 (Barnett shale) of the VitrisolƒnProcess 125
7 New Amine Based Solvents for Acid Gas Removal 127
Yohann Coulier, Elise El Ahmar, Jean-Yves Coxam, Elise Provost, Didier Dalmazzone, Patrice Paricaud, Christophe Coquelet and Karine Ballerat-Busserolles
7.1 Introduction 128
7.2 Chemicals and Materials 131
7.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria 131
7.3.1 LLE in {methylpiperidines – H2O} and {methylpiperidines – H2O – CO2} 131
7.3.2 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {Amine – H2O – Glycol} 135
7.3.3 Liquid-Liquid Equilibria of the Quaternary Systems {CO2 – NMPD – TEG – H2O} 136
7.4 Densities and Heat Capacities of Ternary Systems {NMPD – H2O – Glycol} 137
7.4.1 Densities 137
7.4.2 Specific Heat Capacities 137
7.5 Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of Ternary Systems {NMPD – TEG – H2O – CO2} 139
7.6 Enthalpies of Solution 140
7.7 Discussion and Conclusion 143
Acknowledgments 143
References 144Contents ix
8 Improved Solvents for CO2 Capture by Molecular Simulation Methodology 147
William R. Smith
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 Physical and Chemical Models 149
8.3 Molecular-Level Models and Algorithms for Thermodynamic Property Predictions 150
8.4 Molecular-Level Models and Methodology for MEA–H2O–CO2 153
8.4.1 Extensions to Other Alkanolamine Solvents and Their Mixtures 155
Acknowledgements 157
References 157
9 Strategies for Minimizing Hydrocarbon Contamination in Amine Acid Gas for Reinjection 161
Mike Sheilan, Ben Spooner and David Engel
9.1 Introduction 162
9.2 Amine Sweetening Process 162
9.3 Hydrocarbons in Amine 164
9.4 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Acid Gas Reinjection System 166
9.5 Effect of Hydrocarbons on the Amine Plant 167
9.6 Minimizing Hydrocarbon Content in Amine Acid Gas 171
9.6.1 Option 1. Optimization of the Amine Plant Operation 171
9.6.2 Option 2. Amine Flash Tanks 176
9.6.3 Option 3. Rich Amine Liquid Coalescers 178
9.6.4 Option 4. Use of Skimming Devices 180
9.6.5 Option 5. Technological Solutions 182
References 183
10 Modeling of Transient Pressure Response for CO2 Flooding Process by Incorporating Convection and Diffusion Driven Mass Transfer 185
Jianli Li and Gang Zhao
10.1 Introduction 186
10.2 Model Development 187
10.2.1 Pressure Diffusion 187
10.2.2 Mass Transfer 188
10.2.3 Solutions 190x Contents
10.3 Results and Discussion 191
10.3.1 Flow Regimes 191
10.3.2 Effect of Mass Transfer 192
10.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 195
10.3.3.1 CO2 Bank 195
10.3.3.2 Reservoir Outer Boundary 196
10.4 Conclusions 196
Acknowledgments 197
References 197
11 Well Modeling Aspects of CO2 Sequestration 199
Liaqat Ali and Russell E. Bentley
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Delivery Conditions 200
11.3 Reservoir and Completion Data 201
11.4 Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) and Injectivity Index 201
11.5 Equation of State (EOS) 202
11.6 Vertical Flow Performance (VFP) Curves 205
11.7 Impact of the Well Deviation on CO2 Injection 208
11.8 Implication of Bottom Hole Temperature (BHT) on Reservoir 209
11.9 Impact of CO2 Phase Change 213
11.10 Injection Rates, Facility Design Constraints and Number of Wells Required 214
11.11 Wellhead Temperature Effect on VFP Curves 214
11.12 Effect of Impurities in CO2 on VFP Curves 216
11.13 Concluding Remarks 217
Conversion Factors 218
References 218
12 Effects of Acid Gas Reinjection on Enhanced Natural Gas Recovery and Carbon Dioxide Geological Storage: Investigation of the Right Bank of the Amu Darya River 221
Qi Li, Xiaying Li, Zhiyong Niu, Dongqin Kuang, Jianli Ma, Xuehao Liu, Yankun Sun and Xiaochun Li
12.1 Introduction 222
12.2 The Amu Darya Right Bank Gas Reservoirs in Turkmenistan 223Contents xi
12.3 Model Development 223
12.3.1 State equation 224
12.3.1.1 Introduction of Traditional PR State Equation 224
12.3.1.2 Modifications for the Vapor-Aqueous System 224
12.3.2 Salinity 225
12.3.3 Diffusion 226
12.3.3.1 Diffusion Coefficients 226
12.3.3.2 The Cross-Phase Diffusion Coefficients 226
12.4 Simulation Model 227
12.4.1 Model Parameters 227
12.4.2 Grid-Sensitive Research of the Model 227
12.4.3 The Development and Exploitation Mode 230
12.5 Results and Discussion 230
12.5.1 Reservoir Pressure 230
12.5.2 Gas Sequestration 232
12.5.3 Production 235
12.5.4 Recovery Ratio and Recovery Percentage 238
12.6 Conclusions 239
12.7 Acknowledgments 240
References 241
Index 245
(leitura online e APP)
