List of Contributors xix
Preface xxv
1 Computational Models of Flow, Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics in Rivers 1
Cristian Escauriaza, Chris Paola, and Vaughan R. Voller
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Numerical Simulations in Rivers 2
1.3 Choosing the Right Modeling Approach 13
1.4 Next Steps in Modeling 20
1.5 Concluding Questions 23
Acknowledgments 24
References 24
Discussion 29
2 Boulder Effects on Turbulence and Bedload Transport 33
A.N. (Thanos) Papanicolaou and Achilleas G. Tsakiris
2.1 Boulders in the Riverine Continuum 33
2.2 Scope and Objectives of the Study 36
2.3 Dataset Selection and Methodology 39
2.4 Mean Flow Field Around a Single, Wall-Mounted Boulder 47
2.5 Mean Vortex Structure Around a Wall-Mounted Boulder 51
2.6 Collective Effects of the Boulder Array 53
2.7 Sediment Transport Within a Boulder Array 56
2.8 Morphology of Depositional Patches Around Boulders 60
2.9 Concluding Remarks 61
Notation and Abbreviations 63
Acknowledgments 65
References 65
Discussion 71
3 Granular Flows Applied to Gravel-Bed Rivers: Particle-Scale Studies of the Mobilization of a Gravel Bed by the Addition of Fines 73
Kimberly M. Hill and Danielle Tan
3.1 Introduction 73
3.2 Insights from Rheological Models of Dry Dense Granular Flows 76
3.3 Discrete Element Model Simulations of Bimodal Mixtures in Bedload Transport 81
3.4 Conclusions 88
Notation and Abbreviations 89
Acknowledgments 92
References 92
Discussion 94
4 Particle Motions and Bedload Theory: The Entrainment Forms of the Flux and the Exner Equation 97
David Jon Furbish, Siobhan L. Fathel, and Mark W. Schmeeckle
4.1 Introduction 97
4.2 Sediment Ensembles and Rarefied Conditions 99
4.3 Entrainment Forms of the Flux and the Exner Equation 101
4.4 Distributions of Hop Distances and Travel Times 106
4.5 The Meaning of Continuous Functions Applied to Conditions of Rarefied Transport 111
4.6 Conclusions 113
Notation 114
Acknowledgments 115
References 115
Discussion 118
5 Revisiting the Morphological Approach: Opportunities and Challenges with Repeat High-Resolution Topography 121
Damià Vericat, Joseph M. Wheaton, and James Brasington
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 The Morphological Approach: a Primer 122
5.3 Applying a Morphological Approach with HRT 128
5.4 Discussion 145
5.5 Conclusions 149
Acknowledgements 150
References 150
Discussion 155
6 Geomorphic Controls on Tracer Particle Dispersion in Gravel-Bed Rivers 159
Marwan A. Hassan and D. Nathan Bradley
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Bedload Estimates Using Tracers 160
6.3 Scales of Particle Motion 162
6.4 Types of Tracer Experiments and a Review of Results 162
6.5 Practical Relations for Travel Distance 165
6.6 Virtual Velocity 167
6.7 Burial Depth and Vertical Mixing 169
6.8 Depth of the Active Layer 171
6.9 Morphology 172
6.10 Bed Texture 176
6.11 Closing Remarks 177
Acknowledgments 178
References 179
Discussion 184
7 Bedload Transport Measurements with Geophones, Hydrophones, and Underwater Microphones (Passive Acoustic Methods) 185
Dieter Rickenmann
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Particle Impact Systems 187
7.3 Underwater Microphones 195
7.4 Important Findings Related to System Calibration 196
7.5 Some Operational Aspects to be Considered For Different Systems 200
7.6 Conclusions 200
Acknowledgement 201
References 201
Discussions 205
8 Calibration of Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler Apparent Bedload Velocity to Bedload Transport Rate 209
Colin D. Rennie, Damià Vericat, Richard D. Williams, James Brasington, and Murray Hicks
8.1 Introduction 209
8.2 aDcp Apparent Bedload Velocity 210
8.3 Previous Calibration Efforts 215
8.4 Rees River Survey: New Fractional Calibration Data 220
8.5 Discussion 223
8.6 Conclusions 226
Notation 226
Acknowledgements 227
References 228
Discussion 231
9 Modeling Surface–Subsurface Exchange of Heat and Nutrients 235
Daniele Tonina, Alessandra Marzadri, and Alberto Bellin
9.1 Introduction 235
9.2 Hyporheic Hydraulics 238
9.3 Hyporheic Residence Time 241
9.4 Damköhler Numbers 244
9.5 Role of Stream Morphology on Nitrous Oxide Emissions 247
9.6 Conclusions and Research Needs 249
Notation 250
Acknowledgments 251
Appendix 252
References 253
Discussion 259
10 Ecological Effects of Flow Intermittence in Gravel-Bed Rivers 261
Thibault Datry
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Flow Intermittence in GBRs from a Hydrological Perspective 261
10.3 Flow Intermittence in GBRs: an Ecohydrological Perspective 270
10.4 Intermittent GBRs as Coupled Aquatic–Terrestrial Disturbed Ecosystems 284
10.5 Flow Intermittence in GBRs: Research Needs and Open Questions 286
11 Catastrophic Deposition of Gravel from Outbreak Floods 299
Paul A. Carling
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Depositional Context 300
11.3 A Framework for Description of Megaflood Sedimentary Successions 301
11.4 Typical Sequences Within a Succession 302
11.5 Discussion 315
11.6 Conclusions 318
Acknowledgements 318
References 319
Discussion 325
12 Linkage Between Sediment Transport and Supply in Mountain Rivers 329
Mikaël Attal
12.1 Introduction 329
12.2 Sediment Supply to Mountain Rivers and its Influence on the Characteristics of the Sediment Available for Fluvial Transport 330
12.3 Influence of Varying Sediment Availability on Sediment Transport and Export During Floods 336
12.4 Concluding Remarks 345
Acknowledgement 345
References 345
Discussion 351
13 Geomorphic Responses to Dam Removal in the United States – a Two-Decade Perspective 355
Jon J. Major, Amy E. East, Jim E. O’Connor, Gordon E. Grant, Andrew C. Wilcox, Christopher S. Magirl, Mathias J. Collins, and Desiree D. Tullos
13.1 Introduction 355
13.2 Reservoir and Downstream Channel Responses to Dam Removal 357
13.3 Factors Influencing Responses to Dam Removals 366
13.4 Time Scales of Channel Responses to Dam Removals 373
13.5 Common Findings from Analyses of Responses to Dam Removals 375
Acknowledgments 377
References 377
Discussion 381
14 Reservoir Sediment Flushing and Replenishment Below Dams: Insights from Japanese Case Studies 385
Tetsuya Sumi, Sameh Kantoush, Taymaz Esmaeili, and Giyoung Ock
14.1 Introduction 385
14.2 Present State of Reservoir Sedimentation in Japan 386
14.3 Selecting Suitable Sediment Management Options 388
14.4 Sediment Flushing 390
14.5 Sediment Replenishment 405
14.6 Conclusions 410
Acknowledgment 410
References 411
15 Bedload Transport in Laboratory Rivers: The Erosion–Deposition Model 415
Eric Lajeunesse, Olivier Devauchelle, Florent Lachaussée, and Philippe Claudin
15.1 Introduction 415
15.2 The Erosion–Deposition Model 417
15.3 Deposition Length and Bedforms 425
15.4 Spreading of a Plume of Tracers 427
15.5 Conclusions 430
Notation 430
Acknowledgements 431
References 431
Discussion 435
16 Bedforms, Structures, Patches, and Sediment Supply in Gravel-Bed Rivers 439
Jeremy G. Venditti, Peter A. Nelson, Ryan W. Bradley, Dan Haught, and Alessandro B. Gitto
16.1 Introduction 439
16.2 Bedload Transport, Sediment Supply, and Bed Mobility 439
16.3 Bed Features in Gravel-Bed Rivers 446
16.4 A Phase Diagram for Bed Features in a Gravel-Bedded River 456
16.5 Perspective and Conclusions 458
Acknowledgments 460
References 460
Discussion 464
17 Linking Debris Flows and Landslides to Large Floods in Gravel-Bed Rivers 467
Lorenzo Marchi
17.1 Introduction 467
17.2 Interactions Between Mass Wasting and Floods in Gravel-Bed Rivers 468
17.3 Approaches to Prediction 477
17.4 Discussion 485
17.5 Conclusions 487
Acknowledgements 487
References 487
Discussion 493
18 Gravel Riverbed Processes Resulting from Large-Scale Landslides 497
Chjeng-Lun Shieh and Yu-Shiu Chen
18.1 Introduction 497
18.2 Case Study: Shoufeng River 498
18.3 Case Study: Taimaili River 508
18.4 Conclusion 512
Acknowledgements 513
References 513
Discussion 513
19 Gravel-Bed River Management Focusing on Finer Sediment Behaviour 517
Koichi Fujita
19.1 Introduction 517
19.2 Background Information 518
19.3 Vital Points to Advance Channel Management Strategy 522
19.4 Role of Finer Sediment in the Expansion of Dense Vegetation Areas in Segment-1G
Reaches 526
19.5 Floodplain Accretion by Finer Sediment Deposition and Resulting Channel Narrowing in Segment-2G Reaches 532
19.6 Engineering Framework for Gravel-Bed River Management 540
Notation 541
Acknowledgements 542
References 543
Discussion 544
20 Lahar Flow Disaster, Human Activities, and Risk Mitigation on Volcanic Rivers: Case Study of Rivers on Mount Merapi Slopes, Indonesia 549
Djoko Legono and Adam Pamudji Rahardjo
20.1 Introduction 549
20.2 Riverbed Characteristics 552
20.3 Human Activities 554
20.4 Sediment Management and Risk Mitigation 559
20.5 Conclusions 564
Acknowledgements 564
References 565
21 A Method for Estimating the Porosity of Sediment Mixtures and Application to a Bed-Porosity Variation Model 567
Masaharu Fujita, Muhammad Sulaiman, and Daizo Tsutsumi
21.1 Introduction 567
21.2 Identification of Grain-Size Distribution 569
21.3 Relationship Between the Geometric Parameters of Grain-Size Distributions and Porosity 576
21.4 An Algorithm for Estimating the Porosity 581
21.5 Application to Bed-Porosity Variation Model 583
21.6 Conclusions 586
Acknowledgements 586
References 586
Discussion 588
22 Gravel Sorting and Variation of Riverbeds Containing Gravel, Sand, Silt, and Clay 591
Masato Sekine and Yuki Hiramatsu
22.1 Introduction 591
22.2 Summary of Experiments 592
22.3 Vertical Sorting and Variation of the Riverbed with Extremely Wide Range
of Sediment Sizes 597
22.4 Variation of a Clay Bed Caused by Sand or Gravel Transport Over It 601
22.5 Conclusions 606
Notation 607
Acknowledgement 608
References 608
23 Modeling Stratigraphy-Based Gravel-Bed River Morphodynamics 609
Enrica Viparelli, Astrid Blom, and Ricardo R. Hernandez Moreira
23.1 Introduction 609
23.2 Model Formulation 612
23.3 Application to a Case Inspired by the Trinity River, California, United States 621
23.4 Conclusions 630
Notation 631
Acknowledgments 633
References 633
Discussion 636
24 Sediment Processes in Bedrock–Alluvial Rivers: Research Since 2010 and Modelling the Impact of Fluctuating Sediment Supply on Sediment Cover 639
Rebecca A. Hodge
24.1 Introduction 639
24.2 Differences Between Sediment Processes in Alluvial and Bedrock–Alluvial Channels 639
24.3 Review of Sediment Processes in Bedrock–alluvial Rivers Since 2010 640
24.4 Literature Review Findings and Cross-Cutting Themes 646
24.5 Outstanding Research Questions 647
24.6 Implications for Modelling Sediment Processes in Bedrock–Alluvial Rivers 650
24.7 An Application of a Numerical Model of Sediment Processes 651
24.8 Conclusions 663
Acknowledgements 664
References 664
Discussion 668
25 Modelling Braided Channels Under Unsteady Flow and the Effect of Spatiotemporal Change of Vegetation on Bed and Channel Geometry 671
Hiroshi Takebayashi
25.1 Introduction 671
25.2 Numerical Analysis Method 674
25.3 Flume Experiments: Method and Hydraulic Conditions 685
25.4 Results and Discussion 685
25.5 Conclusions 694
Notation 696
Acknowledgements 698
References 699
Discussion 701
26 Modelling of Mixed-Sediment Morphodynamics in Gravel-Bed Rivers Using the Active-Layer Approach: Insights from Mathematical and Numerical Analysis 703
Annunziato Siviglia, Guglielmo Stecca, and Astrid Blom
26.1 Introduction 703
26.2 The Saint-Venant–Hirano Model 705
26.3 Mathematical Analysis 708
26.4 Assessment of Numerical Solutions 717
26.5 Conclusions and Research Perspectives 722
Acknowledgements 725
References 726
Discussion 728
27 Physical and Numerical Modelling of Large Wood and Vegetation in Rivers 729
Walter Bertoldi and Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva
27.1 Introduction 729
27.2 Physical Modelling of Vegetation 730
27.3 Numerical Modelling of Riparian Vegetation 735
27.4 Physical Modelling of Large Wood 739
27.5 Numerical Modelling of Instream Large Wood Transport 742
27.6 Future Challenges 747
Acknowledgements 748
References 748
28 Fluvial Gravels on Mars: Analysis and Implications 755
William E. Dietrich, Marisa C. Palucis, Rebecca M. E. Williams, Kevin W. Lewis, Frances Rivera-Hernandez, and Dawn Y. Sumner
28.1 Introduction 755
28.2 First Observations of Fluvial Conglomerates on Mars 756
28.3 Some Fluvial Conglomerates on the Way to Mount Sharp 758
28.4 Estimates of Stream Velocity, Channel Discharge, and Gravel Mobility on Mars 759
28.5 Runoff Volume and Implications for Climate 773
28.6 Conclusions 775
Acknowledgments 776
References 776
Discussion 779
Index 785
(leitura online e APP)
